Maya
The central government proposed to promote the structural reform of the supply side, aiming to better meet the needs of different entities by adjusting the structure of the supply side according to changes in the demand side. Broadly speaking, the supply side covers a wide range, including capital, technology, land, labor, and various financial institutions that provide financial services. From the perspective of economically backward regions, financial institutions, as financial media, need to carry out structural reforms in terms of distribution, functions, services, etc., in order to further improve the ability to serve the real economy.
Problem
(1) The organization is centralized. The distribution is tight and the superior performance is not outstanding. Take a relatively backward agricultural region as an example. National banks and policy banks basically set up branches in urban and county levels. Rural credit cooperatives set up some branches in townships. Most of the rural banking institutions are concentrated in cities and counties. Area. A large number of financial institutions have been set up in a centralized manner, competing for limited deposit resources, and there is competition for quality customers on loans, which has weakened the overall ability to serve the economy to some extent. The market positioning is not clear, and differentiated operations are not obvious. In particular, rural credit cooperatives and rural banks have invested a large amount of money in supporting agriculture and supporting small and micro enterprises. However, they have invested more in key large enterprise customers, and the credit concentration is much higher than that for agriculture and small and micro enterprises. The function of supporting the farming and supporting small institutions is not fully reflected. The homogenization of business is serious, which has aggravated the operational difficulties of financial institutions in the region.
(2) Insufficient product innovation. Lack of innovation in the loan business and low customer satisfaction rates. In the case that the traditional deposit and loan business still dominates, the focus is on loan lending, and there are few varieties of business, especially for the “three rural†and small and micro enterprises that lack collateral and collateral, and they have not developed suitable loan types. Good to meet the client's funding needs.
(3) Lack of management capabilities. The capital management ability is weak and the capital replenishment ability is insufficient. Most of the methodological banking institutions lack clear capital management policies and no capital constraint mechanism. Some institutions that establish capital management policies do not match the size, nature and risk status of the organization's business. If the risk limits are not set for major risks, the risk limits and capital levels do not match. There are no capital replenishment targets that are appropriate to the development strategy. No capital adequacy ratio targets and emergency capital management plans. Profit distribution is not compatible with the level of capital adequacy. Internal capital adequacy assessment is inadequate and stress testing is not an important part of the internal capital assessment process.
(4) The construction of the facilities is backward. The funding system has limited access. Such as the method of human bank institutions not access to the national treasury fund registration management system and other important systems, to a certain extent limit their ability to raise funds and transactions. Information system dependence is strong. For example, the village and town bank information system basically relies on its main sponsoring bank. In the actual operation, there are reports and reports scattered, which can not form a unified statement of the whole bank; the credit management part is manually operated, and the loan form is artificially adjusted; the background is controlled by the system administrator, and there is management. Data leakage hidden dangers. The payment system has a small coverage. For example, large and small payment systems, same-city ticket exchange systems, and national check image exchange systems do not cover all towns and villages, and the rate of fund transfer is slow. There are not many ATM automatic teller machines and POS machines, and the construction of rural integrated service outlets is slow. The business promotion of mobile banking, telephone banking and other services is not in place, and the use of Huinong cards is not popular. These all limit the all-round expansion of local banking business.
Suggestions
(1) Effective integration. The purpose of the structural reform of the supply side of the financial industry is to enable each banking institution to meet the differentiated needs of different financial consumers and to form misplaced operations and coordinated development. Therefore, in the layout of financial institutions, it is necessary to avoid falling into a strange circle with many varieties, low performance, and numerous numbers. It is necessary to boldly integrate financial institutions with high scale, poor management, weak profit, no characteristics, less innovation, and high risk of occupying a large amount of market resources, especially for rural credit cooperatives and rural bank banks. The status of regional economic development, as well as the distribution of institutional outlets, adopt mergers and acquisitions, absorb private capital to control investment, transfer, etc., eliminate inefficient financial institutions, reduce effective resource occupation, optimize existing institutional functions, and implement differentiated operations. To clarify market positioning. National banks and policy bank branches should, under the unified management and centralized authorization of the head office, give full play to the advantages of centralized fund management, strict management, and sound internal control, and increase support for important industries and key enterprises in the region, and will absorb more funds. The land is used to support local economic development. On the basis of effective integration, local bankers and institutions should dig deep into rural areas with industrial development needs, especially in poor and backward areas, and expand their business areas in helping to achieve poverty alleviation. We must conscientiously liquidate the losses and write-offs over the years, and take measures such as increasing the power of verification, processing debt assets, packing and transferring non-performing assets, and debt-to-equity swaps to increase the disposal of non-performing assets. It is necessary to supplement capital through various channels to improve the ability to withstand risks.
(2) Innovative products. Innovative loan business variety. It is necessary to seriously study the characteristics of agriculture in the region, the status quo of small and micro enterprises, the status of family farms, leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization, and the development of land circulation. According to the national industrial policy, we will conduct in-depth research on designing loan varieties and perfecting collateral and collateral. , pay attention to actual results. It is necessary to seize the favorable opportunity for the mortgage of farmers' housing property rights and the mortgage of rural land contractual management rights, increase the investigation of potential customers, systematically grasp relevant policy requirements and operational procedures, and combine the actual conditions to formulate The right to mortgage measures to improve credit capacity. To improve the ability to control the quality of assets, especially the method of banking institutions, in the aspect of asset management, we must strictly implement the "three investigations" system of loans, put all links under the strict supervision of the system, and minimize the non-performing loans. occur. With the changes in the market environment, it is necessary to change the business model that relied on the traditional deposit and loan business in the past, and vigorously develop other on- and off-balance-sheet businesses such as acceptance, discount, letter of credit, and inter-bank investment. In line with the principle of the system first, it is necessary to establish a corresponding risk management system to prepare the system for the future related business. It is necessary to fully rely on the Internet to develop online financial products that are suitable for their own realities, and complement each other with offline transactions.
(3) Improve ability. It is necessary to establish a sound capital management policy and improve the capital constraint mechanism, especially for the main risks to establish a risk limit that matches the capital level. With the marketization of interest rates, banking financial institutions are facing a severe test of their ability to withstand risks. Bank institutions, especially local method people's banking institutions, should pay attention to the formulation of development strategies, especially with capital supplementation targets, and implement them in capital adequacy ratios. There must be a sound capital emergency management plan. Regular internal capital adequacy assessments are conducted and stress testing is an important part of the internal capital assessment process. Improve the liquidity management system, conduct liquidity stress tests on a quarterly basis, and improve the liquidity contingency plan. Increase sensitivity to market risk, with a focus on interest rate risk sensitivity, and be able to adjust business strategies in a timely manner based on market changes.
(4) Increase investment. It is necessary to create conditions and strive to join the national interbank lending market and improve the ability to raise funds. We must improve the construction of information systems. For village banks that use the main sponsoring information system, they must strictly follow the requirements of the information system system, standardize operations, and propose improvements to the main sponsoring bank in a timely manner for systems that do not match the actual business. At the same time, according to the changes in business development, timely put forward business needs, so that the information system can cover all institutions, businesses, personnel, no blind spots and blank spots. It is necessary to improve the system function, prevent artificial intervention and reduce the occurrence of moral hazard. It is necessary to strengthen the back-end management to prevent the occurrence of business data leakage. To improve the coverage of the payment system. The large and small payment system should be interconnected with the in-row system, and the full coverage of the business organization should be realized to improve the speed of fund transfer. Increase the number of ATM and POS machines deployed and improve self-service capabilities. Strengthen the construction of rural comprehensive service outlets, increase publicity efforts, and effectively solve the last mile of financial services.
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